Objectives and Outcomes

When communicating with students, it is critical to discuss the learning objectives and outcomes of the course. These form milestones learners must achieve in order to complete the course successfully. The objectives define what students need to demonstrate to reveal their level of mastery of the topic at course completion. This is not just a matter of providing a proverbial roadmap for completing the course, but is also a key part in motivating students. In general, everyone likes to understand why they are performing tasks and communicating the objectives confers the meaning of the exercises that are being performed. Because of this, it is not surprising that students are more successful when they understand why they are learning content, of participating in particular academic exercises, and how the exercises connect to course outcomes. This offers a framework that makes the necessary work meaningful. This is particularly true with adult learners, who respond best when they know why the learning is required (Wlodkowski, 2008).

Naturally, all course content, learning activities, assessments and other interactions should be aligned with the learning objectives and course outcomes. There should be no busy work, but only meaningful assignments with clearly aligned outcomes. This is just best practice in course design. However, it is not just that the learning objectives are aligned to the assessments and activities. These relationships should be clearly explained to the learners to reveal their relevance to the objectives/outcomes (Knowles, 1984). This will better motivate students and offer guidance to the direction of the course.

Where to begin?

It is easy to get muddled up when presenting the learning objectives thoroughly.  Remember that the objectives should address what learners need to know when they complete the course, or within a module. The aligned activities and assessments will showcase how learners will achieve the objectives. Well written learning objectives have four parts that identify:

1. the learner,
2. the skill the learner must demonstrate,
3. the conditions the learner will demonstrate these skills, and
4. what the criteria are that will measure skill mastery. 

When presenting the material online for students, it is best to conform to medium for expressing them most effectively. In particular, use lists or bullet points to make understanding the objectives simple and visually compelling.  You might find a grid, rubric, concept map, or hierarchy may demonstrate how these objectives work together to accomplish the course goals. Once you have done this, you will want students to be able to access this information in:

• The course syllabus
• Online course information documents (an online deconstruction of the syllabus), and
• Each module’s beginning (the At-a-Glance pages).

Finally, using second person, (you/ your) offers a friendlier tense when communicating with students.  It personalized the statements and is a more affective motivator.

And now the hard part – let’s work on clearly stating the objectives and explaining how the assignments map to them.

References

Knowles, M. (1984). Andragogy in Action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Wlodkowski, R. J. (2008) Enhancing Adult Motivation to Learn, 3rd edition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Communicating a Feedback Policy

You uploaded your syllabus and it seems as if no student reads it. This is not a fault of students. People do not like reading pdfs on the web (Nielsen, 2003). This might be why nobody can find your notes about feedback in your uploaded 15 page pdf file with your feedback policy buried on page 11, sections 5.42. How can we remedy this? Offer the information in a preferable format.

Deconstruct the syllabus for the web. Harness the web and make the imparting information more effective in this medium. By breaking it down into a set of pages, such as a set of Course Information Documents, the information is presented in manageable chunks that are easier for students to access and review. The ‘findability’ of this information helps students more effectively orientate themselves to the course. Research reveals that courses where course information is easy to find have a direct impact on students’ perceptions, overall experience, and learning outcomes (Simunich, Robins, & Kelly, 2015)

Having a policy statement explaining how the instructor/student feedback occurs can reduce expectation gaps that create student frustration because they do not know what to expect. This can also reduce communication about feedback and allow students to focus more time on task. A concise policy statement can establish expectations and knowing how the course functions and the instructor’s expectations allows students to keep on track and prioritize their responsibilities (Ladyshwesky, 2013).

You will find that offering detailed guidelines that are easy to find defines course protocol and allows students to focus on learning the content instead of the process of the course. Students’ expectations about the frequency of the feedback, the response time for assignments, and the quality of interactions that are expected of them will help them focus on their success. This may also effectively reduce your workload as an instructor because you can spend more time on teaching and less time on reviewing course policies with the students.

References

Ladyshewsky, R. (2013). Instructor Presence in Online Courses and Student Satisfaction. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning, 7(1), 1-23.

Nielsen, J. (2003) Avoid PDF for On-Screen Reading. NN/g Nielsen Norman Group. Retrieved Juy 24, 2018 from https://www.nngroup.com/articles/avoid-pdf-for-on-screen-reading/

Simunich, B., Robins, D. B., & Kelly, V. (2015). The Impact of Findability on Student Motivation, Self-Efficacy, and Perceptions of Online Course Quality. American Journal of Distance Education, 29(3), 174-185.

Faculty Introductions and Building a Learning Community

Taking an online course can be intimidating and the environment can seem cold and impersonal. Students can feel that they are on their own navigating a morass of information where the solutions to their questions is difficult to find. Ironically, this also can apply to a traditional face-to-face course. However, using best practices in course design can help overcome this.

One way to breakdown the impersonal atmosphere of the Learning Management System is to remind students that you, a person, are there and that they can communicate with you. Adding a Faculty Introduction or Welcome page to the course is an excellent opportunity to make the learning environment less sterile and add a personal touch. Be sure to let the students know a little about yourself and your credentials to both demonstrate that you are indeed a person and a highly qualified instructor to better influence their acceptance of the course content (Dulaney, 2013).

 When you are creating an introduction, you should consider taking advantage of the medium and including multimedia. Simply adding an image of yourself can influence student perception of you (Russo & Campbell, 2004), and their retention of the material (Mayer, 2009), such as your expectations. By using video, instructors will increase students’ perception of connectedness with the course (Rose, 2009) and studies show that they will be 20% more positive about their interaction with the you and the content. This has been shown to have a direct impact on their success in the course (Jones, Naugle & Kolloff, 2008). You will also find that with currently technology, creating an introductory video is not the difficult.  (For a templated see the discussion about video introductions and your course, see: https://instructionaldesignsccc.blogspot.com/2018/03/video-introductions-and-your-course.html )

While you have a stand-alone page developed, it is wise to include the best ways for students to communicate with you.  In order to communicate high expectations, you first need to be able to communicate.  Including the best means to reach with you and the length they can expect in order to get a reply, affords insight for the students so that they understand what is expected. It also gives the students a location to consult if they forget the most effective ways to communicate with you, e.g. email or messenger.  The advantage is that this page can be a continue beacon that promotes a learning community and communication.

References

Dulaney, E. (2013). Does the Credibility of the Presenter Influence Acceptance of Content in the Classroom. American International Journal of Social Science, 2(4), 14-20.

Jones, P., Naugle, K., & Kolloff, M. (2008). Teacher presence: Using introductory videos in hybrid and online courses. Learning Solutions. Retrieved on March 26, 2014 from learningsolutionsmag.com

Mayer, R. E.  (2009) Multimedia Learning. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2^nd Ed. 

Rose, K. K. (2009) Student Perceptions of the Use of Instructor-Made Videos in Online and Face-to-Face Classes. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching. 5(3), Retrieved July 18, 2018 from http://jolt.merlot.org/vol5no3/rose_0909.htm

Russo, T. C., & Campbell, S. W. (2004). Perceptions of mediated presence in an asynchronous online course: Interplay of communication behaviors and medium. Distance Education, 25(2), 215-232.

Effective Communication & Instructional Design

Imaging that you entered a room and the instructor looks you the eye and sternly states:

“Beachtung! Sie müssen Nummer zwei Bleistift und setzen Sie sich hin"

If you did not understand German, you may be baffled. Meanwhile the instructor is frustrated that you are not following instructions and holding up the class. Did the instructor give you directions? Yes, but the instructor did not communicate them to you.

Now, image you are a new freshman student unfamiliar with online learning and you are taking a fully online course with directions referring to “threads” and “dropboxes” while burying needed information deep within nested folders that are difficult to find. The new environment may as well be a different language and this can impede student success.

It is clear that increased communication with students while the class is in session should promote student success.

 

When teaching there are several tools and heuristics to promote success by offering prompt feedback (Chickering & Gamson, 1987), such as:

• Logging on three or more times a week to make a presence,
• Using an Announcement tool to send communications to students (at least once a week) that can be pushed to their phones.
• Taking advantage of the course messaging and email features to keep regular contact and to check up on delinquent students.

However, did you know that there are features of course design that can either aid or inhibit communication?

Sometimes the design of course can systemically affect communications. Simply, adopting certain best practices in course design can aid communication with students and contribute to their success.

This resource will review several aspects of how employing best practices can help reduce communicative mishaps and streamline the process of students understanding their learning objectives and how to meet them with minimal technological or course design issues to impede there success. In particular, it will focus on better instructional design that can be applied before the class even begins. This resource will review:

• Communicating expectations effectively
• Faculty Introductions that develop an effective learning environment
• Explicit feedback policies
• At-a-Glance pages
• Communicating Learning Objectives, and
• Grading Rubrics

With the intent to communicate expectations better and improve student success.

Below is a e-book, that can be downloaded as a PDF, with each section a corresponding video accompanies each section.  Be sure to click on the interactive object below to be able to see it in full screen and have other features, such as text searches and navigation tools.

Helping Students Sign on to Blackboard

Often students, as well as faculty, are new to the online tools of a college and logging onto the learning management system (LMS) can be intimidating.  The latter a student enters the class often contributes to the student not having enough time to complete course assignments or even knowing about the assignments.  Needless to say, it is critical for student success to get the students familiar with the online learning environment quickly so that they can focus on learning.  Sharing the video below as well as the PDF (downloadable below too) either from an email attachment or course hand out during the first day of class procatively addresses this issue and should increase your student success rate.

How do we get started?

You want to use the My SCCC Portal. You can get there, and then to Blackboard, by performing the following:

1. Go to the SCCC website (http://sunysccc.edu)
2. Select (click on) the MySCCC button in the top right corner. (it is the orange one)
3. Sign in using your email username and password to the SCCC Portal. If you do not know these, please contact the SCCC Help Desk at: (518) 381-1487
4. Look to the left column and notice the “Launchpad”
5. Scroll down and select (click on) the “BlackBoard” link

That is it. You are now in Blackboard. You should take a look at the institution page and notice your courses are on the top right corner as well as on the “courses” tab.

Now that you are in Blackboard, you can get started on completing your course work and getting your degree.

Below is a PDF you can download or print out to distribute to your students.

Creating a Rubric in Blackboard

Blackboard offers an option in its tools to create a rubric that can be used for grading.  This rubric is integrated with the grade center and makes its use easy for both the faculty and students. Let’s look at how to create a rubric in Blackboard.

1. Select the Rubric option from the list on Course Tools on the menu.  From there you can either create a rubric or import one.  You will need to have a have a rubric made in Blackboard, (in a .ZIP formatted file) to import the file, so let’s start as if you do not have a rubric and want to create one.
2. Select the “Create Rubric” button.
3.  Give your Rubric a Name and then write a brief description.
4.  In the “Rubric Detail” section you can choose many different rubric types.  Let’s choose one for point ranges.
5.  You can also edit or create rows and columns to meet your needs.  Be sure to label the rows with criteria that is meaningful and easy for the students to understand. Then the level of achievement should likewise have meaningful descriptions. 
6. Now it is time to Describe each level of mastery for each descriptor (fill in the cells) This will help students better understand why they received their grade and assists them at getting better.
7. Hit “Submit” and you saved your rubric.

Now you are ready to go. You can use this rubric by selecting the “Add Rubric” button under the Grading section whenever editing an assessment.

Remember, rubrics help you as an instructor and contribute to student success, so let’s start using them more often.

Above: When creating an assessment, you can add any rubric you created with use of the "Add Rubric" button,

How do I Create a Grading Rubric?

Grading Rubrics are easy to create and often there are plenty of templated tools to help you.  You must identify:

• The type of rubric. Do you want to group the headings (holistic) or just list the criteria separately (analytic)?
• The rubric’s criteria. These are the aspects of performance to be assessed.  These will define the rows and the descriptors (cells) in each.
• The performance levels: that will rate the students’ level of mastery (the columns).
• Describe each level of mastery for each descriptor (the cells)

Once you have these, you are ready to make a rubric.  There are plenty of free online tools that can assist you such as:  Rubric maker or Rubistar.

There are even grading rubric tools in Learning Management Systems, such as Blackboard.  These are easy to use and sync to the grade center.

What are the Best Practices when Creating a Grading Rubric?

There are a few things to keep in mind when making your rubrics. Be sure to:

• Keep your language consistent
• Use language that is accessible to the students.
• Keeping it simple. Not having a plethora of columns helps students focus on the criteria.
• Choose an even number on the mastery scale and keep is small (such as 4).  When there is an odd number, instructors gravitate to the middle.
• Focus your descriptions on the presence of the quantity and quality that you expect. This is more positive.
• Share your rubric with the students in advance to clarify what is expected
• While the rubric may seem rigid, be sure to accommodate and promote creativity.  Grading rubrics should not hamstring the creative process required by such assessments as art projects.

 Remember, your rubric should look to Blooms taxonomy to promote high levels of learning in students. Luckily there are online tools that can help such as the Differentiator: (http://byrdseed.com/differentiator/)

Finally, test your rubric.  This helps to ‘calibrate’ the rubric to ensure that it accomplishes what you want as an instructor.

There are a lot of resources available to help.  Be sure to check our collection of resources for more information on how to create an effective grading rubric:  https://www.diigo.com/outliner/fkra8t/Grading-Rubrics?key=31rk9x6l4y

What is a Grading Rubric?

How much would you pay for a tool that can help you assess student performance while offering a uniform structure that makes the grades clear, helps students understand assignment expectations, and makes grading easier on the instructor?  Luckily, you can have all of this and more for free when you adopt a well-designed grading rubric.

What is a Grading Rubric?

A grading rubric is a coherent set of criteria to assess the students’ work that includes descriptions of levels of performance quality for each criterion.  By offering a descriptive document identifying the various values of components of an assignment, the grading rubric helps students understand the manner in which the assignment will be assessed.

Why would I want a Grading Rubric?

Whether or not you use group headings to classify different criterion, i.e. holistic rubrics, or simply list all the criteria separately, i.e. analytic rubrics, both offer several benefits for the instructor and the students (Carriveau, 2010). After implementing a grading rubric, students’ scores at Washington University improved 3.5 times over their pre-rubric performance (Kelly-Riley, Brown, Condon, & Law, 2001).  This is not surprising since students can benefit from grading rubrics in many ways, including:

• Encouraging critical thinking by increasing students’ ability to notice recurring issues that they can address to improve their work.
• Facilitating communication about assessment that gives students insight illustrating what is expected from them and key aspects about assignment. This can help the student outside of class as well, for example, they can share the rubric with tutors to get focused help.
• Making feedback timely and this is critical for student success. (Rucker & Thomson, 2003)

Grading Rubrics also assist instructors by:

• Illustrating how effective instructional materials are at preparing students for assessments.
• Offering insight on areas where students need the most help
• Providing information to refine our teaching skills.
• Ensuring consistency in grading across courses
• Reducing time spent writing comments when grading because of preset substantive descriptions. 

With all these benefits, the real question is why wouldn’t you want to use a grading rubric?

References

Carriveau, R. (2010). Connecting the Dots. Denton, TX: Fancy Fox Publications, Inc.

Kelly-Riley, D., Brown, G., Condon, B., & Law, R. (2001). Washington State University critical thinking project resource guide. Retrieved from https://web.uri.edu/assessment/files/WSU-Critical-Thinking-Project-Resource-Guide.pdf

Rucker, M. L., & Thomson, S. (2003). Assessing student learning outcomes: An investigation of the relationship among feedback measures. College Student Journal, 37(3), 400–404.

At-a-Glance Pages

Having a road map is helpful for navigating new places and avoiding getting lost.  This is equally true for students looking at online content.  Having a brief map or “At a Glance” page can help prevent students from being lost in the content and assist them in their success.

Creating an At-a-Glance page is relatively simply.  You preface a module, unit, or chunk of content and briefly review what the student is about to accomplish and why.  In a short, and easy to comprehend at a glance, you want to prepare the student for the task ahead. It also assists the learners with navigating though course.

A successful At-a-Glance page should include:

• a brief introduction
• objectives
• learning activities
• list of assignments
• information about when things are due
• a list of references, readings, or resources required.

Remember, a brief introduction is important because it gives context to the learning at hand.  Research has shown that offering context and describing why one needs to learn the material helps adult learners succeed in their learning experience.

For those feeling creative, supplementing the page with a visual guide of for students can also improve their success as well. 

How many does your course need?

When creating a course it is best practice to break their material up into easily understandable chunks of content.  Include an at-a-glance page, for both the overall course, and for each encapsulated module, or unit, in the course. You will find that you spend more time teaching because you are spending less time answering questions about course navigation, expectations, and course logistics.  Likewise, you may notice an uptick in student success.

References

Javadi, N & M. Zandieh (2011) Adult Learning Principles. Journal of American Science. 7(6): 342-346.

Wlodkowsi, R & M. Ginsberg (2017) Enhancing Adult Motivation to Learn: A Comprehensive Guide for Teaching All Adults, 4th edition. Jossey-Bass: San Fransisco, CA. 

OSCQR: Quality Rubric for Course Assessment

New discoveries in the content area, instructional design, or technology tools a course uses are some of the on various aspects of your course may make the course outdated.  Having a continuous review and revision cycle allows for perpetual improvements for the course.  This benefits you as an instructor, the school with accreditation and academic standing, and the student success.  For this reason, it is best practice to consider a revision cycle for any course, and particularly online courses.

Assessment is key to instructional design regardless of the design model you implement, such as ADDIE or Dick and Carey.  Collecting feedback and reviewing the course is not a measurement of the faculty or developer, but to perform a diagnostic assessment on the design and effectiveness of the course.  It is important to not view the course review as a means to evaluate faculty.  This creates a culture of secrecy and mistrust amount faculty, instructional designers, and administration.  The review is a process for reflection on how we can improve the course to benefit the instructors and the students.  This cooperative approach adopts the premise that courses are not owned by a single person nor are they a direct reflection of that person.  Instead they are developed and improved through a collaboration of individuals with varying specialties with the goal of producing an exemplary course that promotes learning and student success.

In many ways the OPEN SUNY OSCQR Process and Rubric embodies the collaborative approach to course review and evolution. The three step process or framework includes:

1. A Course Review that results in a non-evaluative Action Plan to improve the design of the online course.
2. The Course Refresh prioritizes and targets specific improvements suggested in the Action Plan for improvements.
3. A Learning Review that identifies and determines the next set of improvements for continuous online course quality improvement

This framework is cyclical.  It creates a continuing process that promotes courses using best practices in instructional design, including promoting course accessibility. To that end, it is a tool to assist faculty, professional staff, administrators, and students by providing a process for improving education and student success rates.

The OSCQR rubric is an open resource and can be modified to the individual needs of most any institution and can be applied to more than just online courses. To this end, if you are sincere about developing quality online or hybrid courses, you should be working with your instructional designer or teaching and learning specialist and applying the principles in this rubric.

For a detailed view of the 50 standards in the rubric, please take a look below. Alternatively, these open resourcesite includes notes and short video for each of the 50 standards.  

The Content Editor in Blackboard

The Content Editor is a key tool used throughout Blackboard.  Whenever you need to:

• create content, or
• other pages,
• create messages, or otherwise
• post text

the content editor will be the tool you use.

Besides text, you can insert images, add web links, and many other features a word processor or web editor would allow. On the editor, there is a tool bar filled with icons, and when you roll your mouse pointer over an icon, a tool tip will appear to identify the icon.To prevent the loss of work, it is good practice to type your information offline in a simple text editor such as Notepad or TextEdit , and copy and paste into the Content Editor. To paste copied text into the Content Editor, you will need to use the "old-school" keyboard short cut: Ctrl -V (the mouse option does not work).

There are two views of the Content Editor:

• Advanced Mode: This presents the full toolbar of icons indicated by the upward pointing double arrow.  Click on that icon to reduce the number of rows of icons in the view. This will bring you to the Simple Mode and offer more screen real estate. 
• Simple Mode: Minimal set of icons featuring the most commonly used formatting functions. Click on the downward facing arrow to access more icons. 

For the most part, the Content Editor functions much like a word processor or any editor on the web.  Some of the most common functions you will use include:

• Formatting text.  The top left part of the bar have most formatting features.  Remember to use the Headings feature to identify headings.  It improves the accessibility of your work.
• Bullets and Numbers.  These are excellent for formatting web content. 
• Remove Formatting:  Have wonky formatting?  Is something not right?  Sometimes it is best to strip all the formatting and start again.  This can help.
• Indenting/Outdenting: This is excellent for formatting content for the web and accounting for whitespace.
• Insert/Edit or Remove Link:  Add hyperlinks to your documents to harness the power of the web.  Add context to the link with a brief description. 
• Insert Image:  This tool allows you to insert images.  You should be sure to
  • Consider copyright issues
  • Include a Title and Description (for accessibility)
  • Consider its position on the page
  • Be sure to use an image with the appropriate size and resolution
• The Mashups tool.  This will allow you to search and embed web 2.0 technology including images from Flickr and Videos from YouTube. 
• The HTML Editor: This tool lets you "look under the hood" at the HTML code that makes your page.  While this may intimidate some, this tool can be very powerful and allow you to embed useful interactive tools. 

Remember  to title the pages you create and hit submit.

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Helpful Tips:

• Functions that are grayed out are not currently available 
• You must select text to format text. 
• Click on the Full Screen icon in the toolbar to expand the working area in the Content Editor. You cannot save (submit) the page when in Full Screen. Click on the icon to reduce the screen, and the "submit button appears. 
• Click on the Preview icon in the toolbar to see the page as it will appear to the end user. 

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Credit to Open SUNY, Using the Content Editor.  Be sure to see the Open SUNY Student Orientation for more tips.