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Principle of Representation - Guideline 2 - Criterion 2
When developing a course using the first principle of Universal Design for Learning, there are three specific guidelines to assist us. The second, Language and Symbols focuses on maintaining clarity about the content provided.
Criterion 2 of this guideline advocates that we support
decoding mathematical notation, symbols, and other text.
Decoding words or symbols fluently takes practice, as any young musician knows as they try to read music. Some learners will need meaningful and consistent exposure to specific symbols so they can comprehend the content effectively. Lack of fluency increases their cognitive load and reduces their ability to process the information. To promote equity, provide options to reduce the barriers that decoding may raise for those not familiar with the symbols. Consider:
Allowing text-to-speech
Allow for flexibility and easy access
to multiple representations of notation where appropriate (formulas
and word problems).
Offer a list of terms, or hyperlinks,
to clarify key terms
By following these suggestions, your course will assist students communicating and expressing their knowledge, as well as being in line the Principle of Representation in the Theory of Universal Design for Learning.
The three principles of Universal Design for Learning each address specific aspects of learning and how we process information.
They are:
Representation: which focuses on recognition networks in the mind
Action and Expression: which focuses strategic network in the mind
Engagement: which focuses on affective networks in the mind
The third principle pertains to how we present information
to learner. Essentially, it focuses on why students are
learning - what motivates them and how it does so. To ensure
learning is most successful, offer a choice of multiple options for
motivation.
Learners vary greatly and they likewise differ significantly
in the way that they can be engaged or motivated to learn. With the
accelerated growth of non-traditional students, this variation will not go
away. Factors contributing to the variation include:
Background knowledge
Culture
Personal relevance
Neurology
Subjectivity
While some learners are spontaneous and creative, others may
be timid or even frightened by new challenges present d to them in the
course. The latter may prefer a strict path to assist them through the
content. Some learners are happy to work alone and others prefer to work with
peers. When all is said and done, there is not one optimal way to engage every
learner. For this reason,
There are three guidelines to follow when focusing on
the action and expression in learning. They are:
Recruiting Interest
Sustaining Effort and Persistence
Self-Regulation
Each of these guidelines, each with their own criteria to
meet, ensure students have the best chance to learn. The goal of these
who excel in these is to great expert learners who are purposeful and
motivated. Meeting the Principle of Engagement also contributes to student
inclusion, as it offers a variety of motivating factors to keep students
engaged with the content. This will positively affect their learning and the
overall student success.